中国研究者倾向认为蒙古族核心源流为东胡系，但就目前东胡系族群古DNA而言，C-F1756+一支独大，而此类型在现代蒙古族比例较低，仅略高于华北汉族。因此，东胡似乎为蒙古族重要父系族源，但不似核心族源。
C-M504（包括其分支“星簇”）是各地蒙古人普遍高频出现的超级大簇，但其起源确非常模糊，在当前古人基因组中，尚罕见于新石器期、青铜期、匈奴期的漠北古人基因组中，暗示该家族进入漠北草原地区的年代可能非常晚近。
Wang CC，et al., 2021报道的俄罗斯远东滨海地区的新石器期博伊斯曼文化古族出现了比例不低的C-M504样本。笔者以大美基因Isogg2019分型计算器为工具，尝试对其中两个样本进行分型，以判断博伊斯曼古族M504与现代蒙古等族群M504的关联。
两例样本的C2a1a3-M504同级突变信息如下表所列，二者共同覆盖到的位点，具有一致的突变特征。二者均表现为同时携带多个阴性同级位点的现象，暗示博伊斯曼文化古族可能为早期分化的旁系始祖。
| 染色体 | Hg38位置 | 参考序列 | 读取次数 | 读取结果 | 测序质量 | 单倍体群 | 基因标记 |
| chrY | 1.4E+07 | g | 2 | aa | EA | C2a1a3 | AM01318 |
| chrY | 7557500 | t | 3 | … | EEE | C2a1a3 | F966 |
| chrY | 1.6E+07 | C | 3 | … | EEE | C2a1a3 | F3791 |
| chrY | 1.6E+07 | C | 1 | t | E | C2a1a3 | F3795 |
| chrY | 1.4E+07 | G | 3 | … | AEE | C2a1a3 | F3939 |
| chrY | 9607557 | t | 7 | ……. | EEEEEEE | C2a1a3 | F4141 |
| chrY | 7683002 | a | 2 | .. | EE | C2a1a3 | FGC16318 |
| chrY | 8035318 | t | 1 | . | E | C2a1a3 | FGC16323 |
| chrY | 1.1E+07 | a | 1 | g | E | C2a1a3 | FGC16361 |
| chrY | 1.4E+07 | a | 1 | .$ | C | C2a1a3 | FGC16403 |
| chrY | 1.4E+07 | c | 1 | g | E | C2a1a3 | Y4581 |
| chrY | 1.6E+07 | c | 1 | t | E | C2a1a3 | FGC16445 |
| chrY | 1.9E+07 | G | 1 | . | E | C2a1a3 | FGC16470 |
| chrY | 1.9E+07 | g | 2 | aa | EE | C2a1a3 | FGC16471 |
| chrY | 1.9E+07 | c | 1 | T | E | C2a1a3 | FGC16472 |
| chrY | 1.9E+07 | g | 1 | c | E | C2a1a3 | Y4621 |
| chrY | 2E+07 | T | 1 | . | E | C2a1a3 | FGC16486 |
| 染色体 | Hg38位置 | 参考序列 | 读取次数 | 读取结果 | 测序质量 | 单倍体群 | 基因标记 |
| chrY | 14250604 | g | 1 | a | E | C2a1a3 | AM01318 |
| chrY | 7285468 | a | 1 | G | E | C2a1a3 | F914 |
| chrY | 7557500 | t | 5 | ….. | EEE6E | C2a1a3 | F966 |
| chrY | 13138316 | G | 1 | . | E | C2a1a3 | F1918 |
| chrY | 15741318 | C | 2 | .. | EE | C2a1a3 | F3791 |
| chrY | 14131457 | G | 1 | . | E | C2a1a3 | F3939 |
| chrY | 9607557 | t | 5 | ….. | EEEE/ | C2a1a3 | F4141 |
| chrY | 8035318 | t | 1 | . | E | C2a1a3 | FGC16323 |
| chrY | 8166327 | g | 1 | a | E | C2a1a3 | FGC16326 |
| chrY | 8646692 | g | 1 | . | E | C2a1a3 | FGC16329 |
| chrY | 14684415 | c | 1 | ^F. | E | C2a1a3 | Y8801 |
| chrY | 15871208 | G | 1 | . | E | C2a1a3 | FGC16440 |
| chrY | 19090184 | g | 1 | a | E | C2a1a3 | FGC16471 |
| chrY | 19146259 | g | 1 | C | A | C2a1a3 | FGC16476 |
| chrY | 19707246 | T | 1 | ^F. | B | C2a1a3 | Y4630 |
| chrY | 20305981 | c | 1 | . | E | C2a1a3 | FGC16502 |
| chrY | 20599155 | c | 1 | T | E | C2a1a3 | FGC16508 |
根据Yfull平台的估算，M504系列突变最早开始于1.41万年前，而现代样本涵盖的所有突变最终完成于3900年前。而2例博伊斯曼古族在M504同级突变中的阳性比例分别为8/17和6/17。
以此估计，推测博伊[文]斯曼M504与现代[章]蒙古等族群M504[来]+分化年代在约80[自]00多年前。两例博[历]伊斯曼古族样本中，[史]最古老的一例样本其[大]上限已达距今700[全]0年前，已经非常接[网]近此估算分化年代。[文]
新石器时代博伊斯曼古族M504+早期分化样本的出现，让蒙古超级大簇星簇族群的起源判断，更偏向于俄罗斯远东滨海地区。
| Instance ID | Skeletal code | Co-authors associated with analyzing this sample | Skeletal element | Method for Determining Date; unless otherwise specified, calibrations use 95.4% intervals from OxCal v4.4.2 Bronk Ramsey (2009); r:5; Atmospheric data from Reimer et al (2020) | Date mean in BP [OxCal mu for a direct radiocarbon date, and average of range for a contextual date] | Date standard deviation in BP [OxCal sigma for a direct radiocarbon date, and standard deviation of the uniform disribution between the two bounds for a contextual date] | Full Date: One of two formats. (Format 1) 95.4% CI calibrated radiocarbon age (Conventional Radiocarbon Age BP, Lab number) e.g. 2624-2350 calBCE (3990±40 BP, Ua-35016). (Format 2) Archaeological context range, e.g. 2500-1700 BCE | Confidence of archaeological and chronological contextualization for the genetic data for this individual | Group ID (the suffix “_lc” indicates fewer than 15000 SNPs covered on the 1240k target set) | Included in population genetic analysis (also indicated if included in Figure 3) | Locality | Excavation reference if available | Country or Region | Latitude | Longitude | Data type | Number of Libraries | Average coverage on autosomal targets | SNPs hit on autosomal targets | Genetic Sex | Family ID and position within family | Sum total of ROH segments >4cM from hapROH | Sum total of ROH segments >20cM from hapROH | Y chromosome haplogroup (called only for males with 1240K data and only if >50000 autosomal SNPs hit) | mtDNA coverage | mtDNA haplogroup only called if >2x coverage | mtDNA match to consensus if >2x coverage | Damage rate in first nucleotide on sequences overlapping 1240k targets for samples processed at Harvard; C->T_CpG_5 for samples processed in China | Xcontam ANGSD SNPs (only if male) | Xcontam ANGSD MOM 95% CI truncated at 0 (only if male and SNPs > 200) | ContamLD contamination 95% CI (Ccorrecting bias with damage-restricted sequences and only reported for samples covered by at least 100000 autosomal SNPs) | Library type | LibraryID(s) | Percent human sequences by library (computed on shotgun data) | Qualitative assessment |
| I3355 | Popov39, Cemetery 2, Burial 5 | Popov, Alexander; Kim, Alexander; Tabarev, Andrei; Nikitin, Yuri | tooth | Direct: IntCal20 | 6821 | 52 | 4989-4787 calBCE (5985±35 BP, PSUAMS-2114) | Confident – The genetic data clusters this individual with others from the Boisman cemetery as well as previously published Amur River Basin Neolithic individuals from the Devil’s Gate site. The direct 14C date on this individual is consistent with other dates from the Boisman cemetery. | Russia_MN_Boisman | Yes | Primorsky Krai, Boisman-2. Excavations: Popov, 1998-1999.Publication: Popov, 2008 | .. | Russia | 42.78944444 | 131.2761111 | 1240K capture | 1 | 1.852 | 770483 | M | n/a (no relatives detected) | 207 | 22 | C2a1a-F3927 | 689 | C5a | [0.992,0.998] | 0.068 | 3225 | [0.004,0.010] | [0,0.026] | ds.UDG.half | S3355.E1.L1 | 0.1104 | PASS |
| I3356 | Popov46, Cemetery 2, Burial 3 | Popov, Alexander; Kim, Alexander; Tabarev, Andrei; Nikitin, Yuri | tooth | Direct: IntCal20 | 5605 | 24 | 3705-3633 calBCE (4875±20 BP, PSUAMS-2160) | Confident – The genetic data clusters this individual with others from the Boisman cemetery as well as previously published Amur River Basin Neolithic individuals from the Devil’s Gate site. The direct 14C date on this individual is also consistent with previously reported radiocarbon dates from the cemetery. | Russia_MN_Boisman | Yes | Primorsky Krai, Boisman-2. Excavations: Popov, 1998-1999.Publication: Popov, 2008 | .. | Russia | 42.78944444 | 131.2761111 | 1240K capture | 1 | 1.998 | 775129 | M | Russia, Primorsky Krai, Boisman-2 Family A (6 members) I14771-I14772-I14773-I14774-I3356-I14819 have a son-daughter-son2-daughter2-father-mother relationship | 141 | 44 | C2a1a-F1788 | 502 | C5b1 | [0.996,1.000] | 0.045 | 3578 | [0.000,0.005] | [0,0.015] | ds.UDG.half | S3356.E1.L1 | 0.0744 | PASS |
博伊斯曼文化（Boismanskaya culture），俄罗斯远东地区的新石器期考古文化。
其文化特征类似于朝鲜半岛的楚门文化（Chulmun culture）。公元前3000年至1000年之间，该考古文化在符拉迪沃斯托克（Vladivostok）附近的滨海边疆区的西南海岸有广泛的分布。其考古文化的特殊之处是在贝壳丘中留下有坟墓。前苏联体质人类学研究者根据头骨形状的分析，认为该遗址居民是北极种族的代表。中国体质人类学家通常将其归入古东北类型，曾广泛分布于新石器时代的中国东北地区。
博伊斯曼文化遗物：
与邻近考古文化的比较：
Wang CC，et al., 2021的遗传研究表明，Boisman的种群与日本Jōmon时期的种群具有遗传学层次上的相关性。研究还表明，与东亚其他人群相比，美洲原住民与博伊斯曼文化古族共享更多的等位基因。这些结果表明，博伊斯曼文化古族与美洲原住民的的起源有关。
在南方因素相关的沿海与内亚方面，博伊斯曼如预期的那样，携带微量的类昙石山文化沿海区域血统，而不见类湄公河组的内亚因素。
流行计算器方面，博伊斯曼古族（I3356）未见显著的类高加索人种信号。
历史百科全书 历史大全
